Kamis, 22 September 2016

15 DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS



Assalamu’alaikum...
Welcome back to my blogger.. after very......long.....time (ya because it holidays.. -,-) I am not update to my blogger anymore.. but don’t worry I will post All about discourse analysis for the next few days.. v(^.^)v

And Now base my title above about disccourse analysis 15 definition of discourse analysis I will give you the explanation.. enjoy your reading.. ^^


15 definition of discourse analysis:


1. In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of language longer than a single sentence.
2.  More broadly, discourse is the use of spoken or written language in a social context.



3. Discourse is the way in which language is used socially to convey broad historical meanings. It is language identified by the social conditions of its use, by who is using it and under what conditions. Language can never be 'neutral' because it bridges our personal and social worlds."
(Frances Henry and Carol Tator, Discourses of Domination. University of Toronto Press, 2002)

4. Analysis is The process of separating something into its constituent elements.‘the procedure is often more accurately described as one of synthesis rather than analysis’Often contrasted with synthesis

5. Analysis is The identification and measurement of the chemical constituents of a substance or specimen.‘samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis’[count noun] ‘analyses of the rocks are consistent with a basaltic composition’



6. Discourse analyits do what people in their everyday experience of language do instinctively and largely unconsciously: notice patternings of language inuse and the circumstances (participants, situations, purposes, outcomes) with which these are typically associated.

7.Discourse Analysis Much of the work, but not by any means all. A great deal of discourse analysis is done by linguists who would not call themselves applied and much by scholars in other disciplines – sociology, psychology, psychotherapy,for example – who would not call themselves linguists. Discourse analysisis part of applied linguistics but does not belong exclusively to it; it is a multi -disciplinary field, and hugely diverse in the range of its interests.

8. Discourse analysis For many the interest in discourse is beyond language in use (Jaworski & Coupland, 1999, p. 3) to “language use relative to social, political and cultural formations . . . , language reflecting social order but also language shaping social order, and shaping individuals’ interaction with society.

9. Discourse analysis Jaworski and Coupland (1999, pp. 3–6) explain why so many areas of academic study have become so gripped by enthusiasm for discourse analysis in terms, firstly, of a shift in epistemology, “a falling off of intellectual security in what we know and what it means to know . . . The question of  how we build knowledge has come to the fore, and this is where issues to do with language and linguistic representation come into focus.

10. Discourse analysis figures prominently in areas of applied linguistics related to language and education. These include both language as a means of education and language as a goal of education, and both first language edu- cation and second language education. (By first language education I mean mainstream education, generally state provided, in situations where the medium of education is, typically, the L1 of most of the students. By second language education I mean both the teaching of second/foreign languages and the use of second/foreign languages as media of education. For many learners these two situations are, of course, co-occurrent

 well that's all about 15 definition of discourse analysis. thanks for reading.. and  I will give back sn explanation about discourse analysis next week.. V(^.^)V







Sabtu, 12 Maret 2016

Assignment Semantics 4 b

assignment semantics
symbol & referent
by:
siska marlina
(1488203025)
iv b
faculty of english department




SYMBOL & REFERENT



1.      SYMBOL
The symbol is a linguistic element in the form of words, sentences, and so on; which refers to objects, situations, events, and so on. In the sentence "This is great". Only the word "This" is a symbol if the word "this" refers to an object, situation, event, for example a book, a shirt, and so on. The word "good" has no symbolic function because the word "good" only serve phrase attitude. For Richards and Ogden words that express feelings, attitudes, hopes, dreams, and so on are not included within the meaning of the symbol. These words (which express the feelings, attitudes, hopes, dreams, and so on) are grouped into the "emotive language.
Symbolic language defined by Richards and Ogden is the language that matches the language of fact or facts. Meanwhile, emotive language has usefulness in the communication process to generate the expected attitudes of others or to encourage others to act, and so on
The symbol (symbol) is a sign that the relationship between the sign and the denotatum determined by a generally accepted rule

The symbol (symbol) is a sign that the relationship between the sign and the denotatum determined by a rule that is generally applicable. Signs can be classified by causes, as disclosed Djajasudarma (1993) as follows.

1.marks caused by nature, known to man for the experience, for example: -
 Overcast day will mark the rain, -
 Persistent rain could cause flooding, -
 Flooding can cause epidemics and famine, and so on.
2.marks caused by animals, known to humans from animal sounds, such as: -
 No sign of the dogs barking in the driveway, -
 Cat fight (meow) with a lively voice no signs of disease outbreaks or commotion, and so on.

3.marks caused by human beings, this sign is distinguished by:
(1) the verbal is a sign of human-generated through the tools of speech (organ of speach) And
(2) signs that are nonverbal, used by humans to communicate, as well as verbal signs. Nonverbal sign can be distinguished by:
a.The resulting mark limbs (body gesture) Is known as sign language, for example:
 
Thumbs up means great, good, and so on. -
 Meaningful nod yes, saluting, and so on. -
 Shook his head meaningfully and not, and so on. -
 Glaring meaningful surprised, angry, and so on. -
 Pointing the finger means not understand, agree, and so on. -
 Pointing meaningful, one person, and so on.
b.sign produced by sound (voice), for example: -
 Meaningful whistling happily, calling, wanting to know, and so on. -
 Screaming meaningful pain, ask for help, there is a danger, and so forth. -
 Cleared (coughed) means no one wants to know, and so on.

2.      REFERENT
Reference is the object or something that is beyond language. If we use the symbol we refer to the referent. As quoted by Parera (1990: 43) Richards and Ogden stated it is important to find a referent in order to know whether a reference is correct or not. And if reference is true, then it refers to the fact (if a reference "hangs together" in the way the actual referent hangs together, the reference is true and Refers to a fact).
Reference is a concept or idea. In the picture above, between symbol and referent is not directly related to the marked line-breaking berputus (between language and foreign languages). Conjunction through thought or reference.

Referential relationship is a relationship that exists between a word and the outside world language that referenced the conversation. The relationship between words (symbol), meaning (the concept or
reference) and something that is referenced or referent is an indirect relationship. The relationship between these three elements, can be illustrated by the so-called triangle of semiotics (semiotic triangle) of Ogden and Richards (1972); Palmer (1976) as follows.




Hasil gambar untuk contoh referent semantik


In the picture there are symbols that focuses on the word as a symbolic language. So when a written or spoken words will have meaning to refer to something beyond language. For example, we read the word 'seat' in the text. Now, we will connect it to an object that is based on our experience, never seen or used. Physical context is then called the referent. But in its development, the concept of Ogden and Richard is more suited to a noun 'concrete' and not the emotive word. Emotive words are more difficult to be understood more clearly because it was confused with the emotional, diplomatic and other disorders. For example the word industrious, good, freedom, loyalty. The term reference symbol has a meaning to language and references. For example, we could call the 'Ir. Sukarno 'or' the President of the first 'to refer to the same referent. With this example just given us a better understanding of what is meant by the reference and referent.
 


  this task is quote by:


http://www.clearing.org/cgi/archive.cgi?/homer/proof31.memo
http://www.academia.edu/6319442/BBM_8_Unsur_Semantik_dan_Jenis_Makna